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Guided Meditation is a process by which one or more participants meditate in response to the guidance provided by a trained practitioner or teacher,〔Complementary, Alternative, or Integrative Health: What’s In a Name? US Department of Health and Human Services. Public Health Service. National Institutes of Health. NIH Publication No. D347. (Online Version. ) Retrieved 31 July 2015.〕 either in person or via a written text, sound recording, video, or audiovisual media〔Stein, T. R., Olivo, E. L., Grand, S. H., Namerow, P. B., Costa, J., and Oz, M. C., A pilot study to assess the effects of a guided imagery audiotape intervention on psychological outcomes in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Holistic Nursing Practice, Vol. 24, No. 4, 2010, pp213-222.〕〔Morris, C., The use of self-service technologies in stress management: A pilot project. Master of Social Work Clinical Research Papers. Saint Catherine University, St. Paul, MN, 2012.〕〔Carter, E., Pre-packaged guided imagery for stress reduction: Initial results. Counselling, Psychotherapy and Health, Vol. 2, No. 2, 2006, pp27-39.〕 comprising music or verbal instruction, or a combination of both.〔Rose J. P. and Weis, J., Sound meditation in oncological rehabilitation: a pilot study of a receptive music therapy group using the monochord. Forschende Komplementarmedizin, Vol. 15, No. 6, 2006, pp335-343.〕〔Grocke, D., and Wigram, T., Receptive methods in music therapy: Techniques and clinical applications for music therapy clinicians, educators, and students. London, England: Jessica Kingsley, 2007.〕 This process often leads to the participant engaging in visualization and generating mental imagery that simulates or re-creates the sensory perception〔Kosslyn S. M., Ganis G. and Thompson W. L., Neural foundations of imagery. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, Vol. 2, No. 9, 2001, pp635–642.〕 of sights,〔McAvinue, L. P., and Robertson, I. H., Measuring visual imagery ability: A review. Imagination, Cognition and Personality, Vol. 26, No. 3, 2007, pp191–211.〕〔Cocude, M., and Denis, M., Measuring the temporal characteristics of visual images. Journal of Mental Imagery, Vol. 12, No. 1, 1988, pp89–101.〕 sounds,〔Zatorre, R. J., Halpern, A. R., and Bouffard, M., Mental reversal of imagined melodies: A role for the posterior parietal cortex. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, Vol. 22, No. 4, 2010, pp775-789.〕 tastes,〔Tiggemann, M., and Kemps, E., The phenomenology of food cravings: The role of mental imagery. Appetite, Vol. 45, No. 3, 2005, pp305–313.〕 smells,〔Stevenson, R. J., and Case, T. I., Olfactory imagery: A review. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, Vol. 12, No. 2, 2005, pp244–264.〕 movements,〔McAvinue, L. P., and Robertson, I. H., Measuring motor imagery ability: A review. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, Vol. 20, No. 2, 2008, pp232–251.〕 and images associated with touch, such as texture, temperature, and pressure,〔Juttner, M., and Rentschler, I., Imagery in multi-modal object learning. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Vol. 25, No. 2, 2002, pp197–198.〕 as well as imagined mental content that the participant experiences as defying conventional sensory categories.〔Banissy, M. J., Walsh, V., and Ward, J., Enhanced sensory perception in synaesthesia. Experimental Brain Research, Vol. 196, No. 4, 2009, pp565–571.〕 The generating of such mental imagery can precipitate or accompany strong emotions or feelings.〔Lang, P. J., Levin, D. N., Miller, G. A., and Kozak, M. J., Fear behavior, fear imagery, and the psychophysiology of emotion: The problem of affective response integration. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, Vol. 92, No. 3,1983, pp276–306.〕〔Holmes, E. A., Coughtrey, A. E., and Connor, A., Looking at or through rose-tinted glasses? Imagery perspective and positive mood. Emotion, Vol. 8, No. 6, 2008, pp875–879.〕〔Holmes, E. A., and Mathews, A., Mental imagery in emotion and emotional disorders. Clinical Psychology Review, Vol. 30, No. 3, 2010, pp349–362.〕 Practitioners or teachers facilitating Guided Meditation often encourage participants to document their experience, most commonly in the form of a self-reflective journal or diary. In addition to recording their experience of a Guided Meditation session, experience, or consultation, individuals may also document the occurrence of involuntary unwanted or intrusive negative imagery over time, which is a common occurrence among those with conditions including depression, Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), and social anxiety. They may also document positive imagery volitionally generated when practicing alone the techniques initially learned from the practitioner or teacher. Over time, this documentation can provide information and insight into the participant's physical and mental condition, contributing to the formulation of a therapeutic treatment plan.〔Davies, M., and Clark, D. M., Predictors of analogue post-traumatic intrusive cognitions. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, Vol. 26, 1998, pp303–314.〕〔Holmes, E. A., Brewin, C. R., and Hennessy, R. G., Trauma films, information processing, and intrusive memory development. Journal of Experimental Psychology, Vol. 133, No. 1, 2004, pp3-22.〕〔Bourne, C., Frasquilho, F., Roth, A. D., and Holmes, E. A., Is it mere distraction? Peri-traumatic verbal tasks can increase analogue flashbacks but reduce voluntary memory performance. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, Vol. 41, No. 3, 2010, pp316–324.〕〔Butler, G., Wells, A., and Dewick, H., Differential effects of worry and imagery after exposure to a stressful stimulus: A pilot study. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, Vol. 23, 1995, pp45–56.〕〔Davies, M., and Clark, D. M., Predictors of analogue post-traumatic intrusive cognitions. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, Vol. 26, 1998, pp303–314.〕〔Hagenaars, M. A., Brewin, C. R., van Minnen, A., Holmes, E. A., and Hoogduin, K. A. L., Intrusive images and intrusive thoughts as different phenomena: Two experimental studies. Memory, Vol. 18, No.1, 2010, pp76–84.〕〔Krans, J., Naring, G., and Becker, E. S., Count out your intrusions: Effects of verbal encoding on intrusive memories. Memory, Vol. 17, No. 8, 2009, pp809–815.〕〔Pearson, D. G., Contextual representations increase analogue traumatic intrusions: Evidence against a dual-representation account of peri-traumatic processing. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, Vol. 43, 2012, pp1026– 1031.〕〔Pearson, D. G., Ross, F. D. C., and Webster, V. L., The importance of context: Evidence that contextual representations increase intrusive memories. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, Vol. 43, 2012, pp573–580.〕〔Stuart, A. D. P., Holmes, E. A., and Brewin, C. R., The influence of a visuospatial grounding task on intrusive images of a traumatic film. Behaviour Research and Therapy, Vol. 44, No. 4, 2006, pp611-619.〕〔Holmes, E. A., Grey, N., and Young, K. A. D., Intrusive images and hotspots of trauma memories in post traumatic stress disorder: An exploratory investigation of emotions and cognitive themes. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, Vol. 36, 1, 2005, pp3–17.〕〔Grey, N., and Holmes, E. A., Hotspots in trauma memories in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder: A replication. Memory, Vol. 16, No. 7, 2008, pp788–796.〕 Thereby, the term Guided Meditation is most commonly used in clinical practice, scholarly research, and scientific investigation to signify an aggregate of integrated techniques. The most common and frequently used combination or synthesis comprises meditation music and receptive music therapy, guided imagery, relaxation, some form of meditative practice, and journaling. Less commonly, hypnosis, or hypnotherapeutic procedures are included as part of the multifaceted intervention denoted by the term Guided Meditation.〔Astin, J.A., Shapiro, S.L., Eisenberg, D. M., and Forys, M.A., Mind–body medicine: State of the science, implications for practice. Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine, Vol. 16:, 2003, pp131–147.〕〔Newham, P., Guided Meditation: Principles and Practice. London; Tigers Eye, 2005.〕〔Newham, P., Music and Meditation: The Therapeutics of Sound. London: Tigers Eye: 2014.〕 However, investigators, clinicians, and research authors frequently analyze and discuss the effects and efficacy of this intervention as a whole, with the result that it is often difficult to attribute positive or negative outcomes to any of the specific techniques that contribute to Guided Meditation. Furthermore, the term Guided Meditation is frequently used interchangeably with the terms ''Guided Imagery'' and sometimes with ''Creative Visualization'' in popular psychology and self-help literature, and to a lesser extent in scholarly and scientific publications. Consequently, understanding the nature, scope, application, and limitations of Guided Meditation requires it to be considered in context and relationship to the multiple techniques that are integral to its practice, allowing for variations in terminology to signify the same or similar methods.〔Astin, J.A., Shapiro, S.L., Eisenberg, D. M., and Forys, M.A., Mind–body medicine: State of the science, implications for practice. Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine, Vol. 16:, 2003, pp131–147.〕〔Post-White J. 2002. Clinical indication for use of imagery in oncology practice. In Voice Massage, Scripts for Guided Imagery, Edwards D.M (Ed.). Oncology Nursing Society: Pittsburgh, PA.〕〔Wallace KG. 1997. Analysis of recent literature concerning relaxation and imagery interventions for cancer pain. Cancer Nursing 20: 79–87.〕〔Luebert K, Dahme B, Hasenbring M. 2001. The effectiveness of relaxation training in reducing treatment- related symptoms and improving emotional adjustment in acute non-surgical cancer treatment: A meta-analytical review. Psycho-Oncology, Vol. 10: pp490–502.〕 When so considered, Guided Meditation as an aggregate or synthesis of techniques including meditation music and receptive music therapy, guided imagery, relaxation, meditative praxis, and self-reflective diary-keeping or journaling has been shown to be effective in precipitating therapeutic, rehabilitative, and educational benefits when employed as an adjunct to primary clinical and instructional strategies, including as a means to lower levels of stress,〔Unger, C. A., Busse, D., & Yim, I. S., The effect of guided relaxation on cortisol and affect: Stress reactivity as a moderator. Journal of Health Psychology, 2015, 1359105315595118.〕〔Weigensberg M.J., Lane C.J., Winners O., Wright T., Nguyen-Rodriguez S., Goran M.I., Spruijt-Metz, D. Acute effects of stress-reduction Interactive Guided Imagery (SM) on salivary cortisol in overweight Latino adolescents. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, Vol. 15, No. 3, 2003, pp297-303.〕〔Varvogli, L., and Darviri, C., Stress Management Techniques: evidence-based procedures that reduce stress and promote health. Health Science Journal, Vol. 5, No. 2, 2011 pp74-89.〕〔Carter, E., Pre-packaged guided imagery for stress reduction: Initial results. Counselling, Psychotherapy and Health, Vol. 2, No. 2, 2006, pp27-39.〕〔Wynd C. A., Relaxation imagery used for stress reduction in the prevention of smoking relapse. Journal of Advanced Nursing, Vol. 17, No. 3, 2006, pp294-302.〕〔Lin, M. F., Hsu, M. C., Chang, H. J., Hsu, Y. Y., Chou, M. H., and Crawford, P., Pivotal moments and changes in the Bonny Method of Guided Imagery and Music for patients with depression. Journal of Clinical Nursing, Vol. 19, Nos. 7‐8, 2010, pp1139-1148.〕〔Roffe, L., Schmidt, K., and Ernst, E., A systematic review of guided imagery as an adjuvant cancer therapy. Psycho-oncology, Vol. 14, No. 8, 2005, pp607-617.〕〔Holden-Lund C., Effects of relaxation with guided imagery on surgical stress and wound healing. Research in Nursing and Health, Vol. 11, No. 4, 2007, pp235-244.〕〔Stein, T. R., Olivo, E. L., Grand, S. H., Namerow, P. B., Costa, J., and Oz, M. C., A pilot study to assess the effects of a guided imagery audiotape intervention on psychological outcomes in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Holistic Nursing Practice, Vol. 24, No. 4, 2010, pp213-222.〕〔Sahler O.J., Hunter, B.C., Liesveld J.L.,The effect of using music therapy with relaxation imagery in the management of patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation: a pilot feasibility study. Alternative Therapies, Vol. 9, No. 6, 2003, pp70- 74.〕〔Kent, D., "Zenventures: Unwind your Imagination with Guided Meditation". Masters Thesis. Buffalo State University, New York, 2014.〕 minimize the frequency, duration, and intensity of asthmatic episodes,〔Epstein G.N., Halper J.P., Barrett E.A., Birdsall, C., McGee, M., Baron K.P., Lowenstein S., A pilot study of mind-body changes in adults with asthma who practice mental imagery. AlternativeTherapies. Voulme 10, July/August 2004, pp66-71.〕 control and manage pain,〔Menzies V., Taylor A.G., Bourguignon C., Effects of guided imagery on outcomes of pain, functional status, and self-efficacy in persons diagnosed with fibromyalgia. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, Vol. 12, No. 1, 2006, pp23-30.〕〔Kwekkeboom, K. L., Kneip, J., and Pearson, L., A pilot study to predict success with guided imagery for cancer pain. Pain Management Nursing, Vol. 4, No. 3, 2003, pp112-123.〕〔Antall G.F., Kresevic D. The use of guided imagery to manage pain in an elderly orthopaedic population. Orthopaedic Nursing, Vol. 23, No. 5, September/October 2004, pp335-340〕 develop coping skills,〔Manyande, A., Berg, S., Gettins, D., Stanford, S. C., Mazhero, S., Marks, D. F., and Salmon, P., Preoperative rehearsal of active coping imagery influences subjective and hormonal responses to abdominal surgery. Psychosomatic Medicine, Vol. 57, No. 2, 1995, pp177-182.〕〔Hockenberry, M. H., Guided imagery as a coping measure for children with cancer. Journal of Pediatric Oncology Nursing, Vol. 6, No. 2, 1989, pp29-29.〕 improve ability to carry out demanding tasks in exacting situations,〔Esplen, M. J. and Hodnett, E., A Pilot Study Investigating Student Musicians' Experiences of Guided Imagery as a Technique to Manage Performance Anxiety. Medical Problems of Performing Artists, Vol. 14, No. 3, 1999, pp127-132.〕〔Feltz, D. L., and Riessinger, C. A., Effects of in vivo emotive imagery and performance feedback on self-efficacy and muscular endurance. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, Vol. 12, No. 2, 1990, pp132-143.〕〔Sanders, C. W., Sadoski, M., Bramson, R., Wiprud, R., and Van Walsum, K., Comparing the effects of physical practice and mental imagery rehearsal on learning basic surgical skills by medical students. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, Vol. 191, No. 5, 2004, pp1811-1814.〕 decrease the incidence of insomnia,〔Ong, J. C., Manber, R., Segal, Z., Xia, Y., Shapiro, S., and Wyatt, J. K., A randomized controlled trial of mindfulness meditation for chronic insomnia. Sleep, Vol. 37, No. 9, 2014, p1553.〕〔Singh, A., and Modi, R., Meditation and positive mental health. Indian Journal of Positive Psychology, Vol. 3, No. 3, 2012, p273.〕〔Molen, Y., Santos, G., Carvalho, L., Prado, L., and Prado, G., Pre-sleep worry decrease by adding reading and guided imagery to insomnia treatment. Sleep Medicine, Vol. 14, 2013, e210-e211.〕 abate feelings of anger,〔Awalt, R. M., Reilly, P. M., and Shopshire, M. S.,The angry patient: an intervention for managing anger in substance abuse treatment. Journal of psychoactive drugs, Vol. 29, No. 4, 1997, 353-358.〕 reduce occurrences of negative or irrational thinking,〔Lang, T. J., Blackwell, S. E., Harmer, C., Davison, P., & Holmes, E. A., Cognitive bias modification using mental imagery for depression: Developing a novel computerised intervention to change negative thinking styles. European Journal of Personality, Vol. 26, 2012, pp145–157.〕〔Teasdale, J. D., Emotion and two kinds of meaning: Cognitive therapy and applied cognitive science. Behaviour research and therapy, Vol. 31, No. 4, 1993, pp339-354.〕〔Birnbaum, L., & Birnbaum, A., In search of inner wisdom: guided mindfulness meditation in the context of suicide. The Scientific World Journal, Vol. 4, 2004, pp216-227.〕 assuage anxiety,〔McCaffrey, R., and Taylor, N., Effective anxiety treatment prior to diagnostic cardiac catheterization. Holistic Nursing Practice, Vol. 19, No. 2, 2005, pp70-73.〕 raise levels of optimism,〔Birnbaum, L., & Birnbaum, A., In search of inner wisdom: guided mindfulness meditation in the context of suicide. The Scientific World Journal, Vol. 4, 2004, pp216-227.〕〔Fredrickson, B. L., Cohn, M. A., Coffey, K. A., Pek, J., & Finkel, S. M., Open hearts build lives: positive emotions, induced through loving-kindness meditation, build consequential personal resources. Journal of personality and social psychology, Vol. 95, No. 5, 2008, p1045.〕〔Kok, B. E., Coffey, K. A., Cohn, M. A., Catalino, L. I., Vacharkulksemsuk, T., Algoe, S. B., ... & Fredrickson, B. L. How positive emotions build physical health perceived positive social connections account for the upward spiral between positive emotions and vagal tone. Psychological science, Vol. 24, No. 7, 2013, 1123-1132.〕 enhance physical and mental aptitude,〔Bond, K., Karkhaneh, M., Tjosvold, L., Vandermeer, B., Liang, Y., Bialy, L., and Klassen, T. P., Meditation practices for health: state of the research. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, 2007.〕〔Young, A. S., Chinman, M., Forquer, S. L., Knight, E. L., Vogel, H., Miller, A., and Mintz, J., Use of a consumer-led intervention to improve provider competencies. Psychiatric Services, Vol. 56, No. 8, August 2005, pp967-975.〕 and increase general feeling of well-being and self-reported quality of life.〔Hanh, Thich Nhat. The blooming of a lotus: Guided meditation for achieving the miracle of mindfulness. Beacon Press, 2009.〕〔LeónPizarro C.,Gich I., Barthe E., Rovirosa A., Farrús B., Casas F., Verger E., Biete A., Craven Bartle J., Sierra J., Arcusa A., A randomized trial of the effect of training in relaxation and guided imagery techniques in improving psychological and quality-of-life indices for gynecologic and breast brachytherapy patients. Psycho-oncology, Vol. 16, No. 11, 2007, pp971-979.〕 ==References== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Guided meditation」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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